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Barbara Juroszek
ABOUT SOME METROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STANDARDIZATION IN SPIROMETRY

Almost all of the spirometric parameters are measured or calculated during forced expiration because it is one of the most popular and most valuable tests. The American Thoracic Society (ATS) together with The European Respiratory Society (ERS) formulated the technical requirements, which should be fulfilled in spirometry today. The author shows how these requirements can be fulfilled in modern digital spirometers.

Satu Kärki, Jukka Lekkala
PRESSURE MAPPING SYSTEM FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

Pressure mapping provides knowledge about interface pressure between a person and the surface person is laying or sitting on. In medical applications the surface is commonly a bed or a wheelchair. The distribution of pressure applied to the skin by a supporting surface can be measured with a pressure mapping system. Depending on the magnitude and duration of the pressure, it can cause pain and tissue injuries, such as pressure ulcers to the person. By means of pressure mapping technology, it is possible to detect the areas where the pressure is concentrated and thus prevent the development of pressure ulcer. However, the properties of the commercial pressure mapping systems are usually inadequate for physiological measurements. In this study, properties of a commercial Xsensor pressure mapping system were studied. Measurements with test persons as well as measurements with a constant measurement load were carried out. Repeatability, sensitivity, temperature sensitivity and hysteresis of the pressure sensor were determined. Only the hysteresis was noticed to be poor while the other properties were satisfactory.

Tomasz Koszmider, Krzysztof Strzecha
3D LUNGS SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION FROM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES

New 3D medical images reconstruction algorithm is presented in this paper. It concerns utilization of digital processing and analysis of Computed Tomography images in process of 3D lungs reconstruction.

S. Osowski, T. Markiewicz, L. Tran Hoai
ENSEMBLE OF NEURAL NETWORKS FOR IMPROVED RECOGNITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF ARRHYTHMIA

The paper presents different methods of combining many neural classifiers into one ensemble system for recognition and classification of arrhythmia. Majority and weighted voting, Kullback-Leibler divergence and modified Bayes methods will be presented and compared. The numerical experiments will be performed for the problems concerning the recognition of different types of arrhythmia on the basis of ECG waveforms of MIT BIH AD.

Milan Tysler, Vladimir Rosik, Peter Kneppo
MULTICHANNEL ECG MEASUREMENT FOR NONINVASIVE IDENTIFICATION OF HEART REGIONS WITH CHANGED REPOLARIZATION

Multichannel system for ECG measurement and body surface potential mapping is introduced and its application for noninvasive identification of ischemic heart regions with changed repolarization is presented. The system uses up to 128 active electrodes, separate common mode signal sensing and active neutralization of the patient to get optimal signal quality. Microprocessor controlled and battery powered data acquisition module is connected through an optical extension cable to the USB port of a personal computer with Windows based measuring and data analysis software. In 11 patients with myocardial infarction, integral maps of the QRST interval of the ECG signal were measured before and after the percutaneous cardiac intervention. Changes in the maps together with information on a model of the patients’ torso volume conductor were used to calculate an equivalent current dipole characterizing the region influenced by the therapy. In this way, the affected ischemic region could be noninvasively identified in 7 patients.

Matteo Bonaiuti, Luigi Rovati, Charles Riva
A PC-CONTROLLED REFLECTOMETER FOR FUNCTIONAL IMAGING OF OCULAR FUNDUS

The paper presents an imaging reflectometer designed to detect flicker-induced reflectance changes of the ocular fundus. The system is based on a modified fundus camera completely controlled by a personal computer via USB interface.
The system allows in-vivo functional imaging of the ocular fundus in the near-infrared region with flicker light stimulus in the visible spectrum.

Du-Yih Tsai, Noriyuki Takahashi, Yongbum Lee, Katsuyuki Kojima
SIMPLE METHOD TO ENHANCE CT BRAIN IMAGES FOR USE IN DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE CEREBRAL ARTERY INFARCTION

In this paper we propose a simple method aiming at improving the visibility of the loss of the gray-white matter interface in computer tomography (CT) brain images. The loss of the gray-white matter interface is one of the early signs of acute cerebral artery infarction (ACAI). The method is to employ our proposed adaptive smoothing filter (ASF) to reduce local noise with edges preserved in CT brain images. The ASF is a specially designed filter with adaptive size and shape depending on local pixel-valuerelated information surrounding the pixel of interest. In order to demonstrate the superiority of the ASF, two commonly used filters for image smoothing, i.e., the averaging filter and the median filter were used for comparison. Two criteria, standard deviation and slope ratio, were adopted in this study for performance assessment. Moreover, the ASF was also applied to clinical CT brain images in hyperacute stroke patients for performance evaluation. Our preliminary results showed that the detectability of early infarct signs is much improved. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method and its usefulness.

Barbara Juroszek, Jan Stanislawski
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN FORCED EXPIRATION

The authors present a model of the respiratory system in forced expiration as an answer to the unknown pressure pulse excitation. The model has the form of a voltage divider circuit, where gas flow volume velocity is the current reaction (or the volume is the voltage reaction). The analysis is presented in time domain. The model’s finding is realized in two main stages. In the first stage an RCL net is built. On the basis of this structure the exciting signal is found in the form that the answer to the model is V(t) (or Q(t)), very similar to the real object’s answer, in the minimum mean-square-criterion.

Irene Safinaz Hassan, Hafidzah Othman, Md. Nor Md. Chik
ICE POINT BLACKBODY CAVITY FOR CHECKING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN INFRARED RADIATION THERMOMETER OPERATING NEAR 0 °C

An ice point blackbody cavity has been designed and constructed at NML-SIRIM, Malaysia. It is a mean to measure the ice point reading of client’s infrared radiation thermometer that operates near 0 °C. The ice point check will predict the performance of the thermometer at other temperature range.

Mingjian Zhao, Rick Walker
USING A MINI TRIPLE POINT OF WATER SYSTEM TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY IN A TEMPERATURE CALIBRATION LABORATORY

A mini TPW system was introduced as an excellent way to measure the errors in the calibration system of a secondary level temperature laboratory. In this paper, the structure and operation of this system is briefly introduced. Also, its performance is discussed. The mini TPW system was directly compared to a traditional TPW cell. The difference between the mini TPW system and the traditional TPW cell was found to be less than 0.3 mK using an SPRT. The expanded (k = 2) uncertainty of the mini TPW system is better than 0.5 mK. Several thermometers with different structures were tested in the system. Errors seen with the different thermometers between the mini TPW system and the traditional TPW system are reported.

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