To determine the confidence of the test results, it is necessary to evaluate the main factors contributing to the uncertainty in Charpy impact measurements (pendulum impact). These factors are: the uncertainty of reference force and length measuring devices and its long term instability (drift), machine resolution, rated energy error, indicated energy error, losses due to the drag of the pointer, friction losses in the bearing and air resistance, and other geometric parameters. In this study the calibration process based on the relevant international standard is explained. Most of the uncertainty elements are identified and directly verified. Other elements that could not be directly verified are analyzed or assessed using the available information.

The paper describes a 10 MN Build-up force standard machine developed in China. The BM has capacity of 10 MN compression, relative expanded uncertainty of 0.05% (k = 2, probability being about 95%) which has been evaluated based on characteristics of three load cells as reference as well as on force comparison with 20 MN hydraulic amplification force standard machine established at NIM being relative expanded uncertainty of 0.01% (k = 3), force fluctuation of less than ±0.002%,etc. The BM is driven by a hydraulic system with a technology patented in China, which makes loading speed quicker and much stable as well as unloading. The force measuring system is similar to the other BM such as 9 MN BM established by LNE/France, and one by INRIM/Italy, etc.

In this paper a mechatronic model for an electromagnetic-force-compensated (EMC) load cell is presented. Designed in MATLAB® Simulink® the model consists of four main modules: a rigid-body model delineating the mechanical behaviour of the load cell, an analytical model characterising the electrodynamic actuator consisting of a voice coil and a permanent magnet, a characteristic curve modelling the position detector, and a continuous or discrete model describing the operation of the controller.
Optimization of the mechanical, electromagnetic and controller components can be performed using this model; furthermore experiments can be performed to determine the sensitivity of the complete system to changes of defined parameters.

This paper summarises basic experiences of manufacturing and calibrating multicomponent-transducers (MCTs). Very often a diversity of the 'multicomponent' term is found, so at first a definition is given by using the vector item.
Because of the unlimited number of multicomponent applications, a graduation of types is difficult. Moreover there are main differences in construction resulting in different properties. Therefore the main construction principles of MCTs are discussed and an overview is given. Such information may be helpful for the choice of calibration equipment.
Regarding the properties of MCTs a diversity of terms is as often found. Especially the sensitivity to secondary components (sometimes called parasitic components), is often referred to as cross talk and mostly the exact definition is not clear. The terms are discussed and values to be indicated in a calibration certificate are proposed.
The calibrations of multicomponent transducers have been the subject of several considerations. Different methods of the standard equipment are discussed and a procedure is presented based on a force-vector-sensor as a transfer standard.

A new dynamic force measuring facility is realized for continuous and dynamic calibration of force transducers by using the force comparison method. This method is based on the use of a selected reference force transducer with well known static, quasi-static and dynamic properties. The transducer under test can then be calibrated by a direct comparison with the reference standard.