This work describes an optimization and validation process for the simultaneous determination of 35 elements - lithium (Li), boron (B), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chrome (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh), silver (Ag), palladium (Pd), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), barium (Ba), platine (Pt), mercury (Hg), thallium (Tl), lead (Pb) and uranium (U) - in food samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after closed-vessel microwave digestion or multiwave with pressurized digestion cavity. In order to improve the limits of quantification of certain elements for risk assessment in the context of the third French Total Diet Study (3rdTDS), the analytical conditions of the multi-elemental method were optimized. The method was validated based on the accuracy profile approach according to the NF V03-110 French standard, which takes into account the simultaneous assessment of the accuracy and precision of the method. The accuracy profile is an expression of the combination of the systematic (trueness) and the random error (repeatability and/or intermediate precision) for a series of analyst's levels in various matrices in range of concentrations called validity domain. For this purpose, five to six measurement series were repeated in duplicate on different days, over a timespan of three months for constructing the accuracy profile with six levels of concentration. Several performance criteria such as limits of quantification (LOQ), specificity, linearity, precision under repeatability conditions, intermediate precision reproducibility with the use of the accuracy profile. Furthermore, the method accuracy was assessed by means of several external quality controls (EQC). Results indicate that this method could be used for the determination of these 35 essential and non-essential elements in foodstuffs at trace and ultra-trace levels, including for 3rd TDS, with acceptable analytical performance.

Florfenicol (FF) is a synthetic, broad-spectrum systemic antibiotic. The metabolic pathways are well documented, with the main route of elimination being in the urine. Is mainly metabolized to florfenicol amine (FFA) as final marker residue via three main intermediate metabolites: flofenicol alcohol, florfenicol oxamic acid and monochloroflorfenicol and can therefore be found in the muscle of animals intended for human consumption (1). Listed in Table 1 of Regulation (EU) 37/2010, its veterinary medicine use is authorized in the European Union (EU) in all food-producing species, except for animals from which milk and eggs are produced for human consumption. Maximum residue limits (MRLs) in muscle are set to 100 µg.kg-1 for poultry; 200 µg.kg-1 for bovine, ovine and caprine; 300 µg.kg-1 for porcine; and 1000 µg.kg-1 for fin fish. MRL for all other food producing species is established to 100 µg.kg-1. Its determination is based on the marker residue defined as the sum of the FF and its metabolites measured as FFA. There are two possibilities: determine the concentration of each metabolite and express it in FFA equivalents; or perform an acid hydrolysis to convert all FF residues into FFA. This second option is recommended, because a significant proportion of FF residues are proteinbounded and therefore not extractable when hydrolysis is not used (2). A reliable quantitative LC-MS/MS method was fully developed and validated, according to the new Regulation (EU) 2021/808, for determination of total FF residues as FFA residue marker using hydrolysis step in all muscle food-producing species. Chromatographic conditions enables the monitoring of FFA and its parent compound to ensure the total conversion during hydrolysis step. Furthermore, mass spectrometry conditions include an isotopically labelled internal standard to minimize matrix effects and obtain an accurate quantification with regard to the different species and the concentration levels studied, ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 MRLs.This method was compared to a similar protocol but without this specific step, focusing exclusively on the FF and its main metabolite: FFA. Carried out on naturally contaminated samples, results demonstrated a proven risk of false-compliant results when a hydrolysis step is not applied.

Fatty acids play a major role in human nutrition and diet. The correct fatty acid composition is important and leads to beneficial health effects. Among fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6 are most often dealt with. Their ratio in diet should be 4:1 (n-6:n-3) according to WHO. Those fatty acids are essential and play a key role in inflammatory processes, promoting cognitive functions and cardiovascular system health. Sardines and sprats are rich in fat and so in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Heat treatment can affect lipid peroxidation, leading to loss of fatty acids and significantly changing the omega-3 and 6 ratio. We tested the four most common heat treatment methods baking, deep frying, steaming, and boiling. Major omega-3 and 6 fatty acids were observed - linoleic acid, gamma-linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, linolenic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Samples were from the Baltic and Mediterranean Sea. Before analysis, whole fish bodies were lyophilized and homogenized. From 1g of dry samples, fat was extracted using syringes and a vacuum pump with 16 ml of ethanol:acetone:hexane solution (1:1:2; V:V:V). Then solution was evaporated using rotary vacuum evaporator. Then 40 µl of fat was taken, and 0,5 ml of methanol HPLC and 0,5 ml natrium methanolate solution was added. Prepared tube was shaken and put in a water bath with 75-80 °C water and tempered. After 3 mins tube was shaken and cooled with cold water. Then 1,5 ml of hexane and saturated sodium chloride solution was added and carefully shaken. Samples were centrifuged for 5 mins at 5000 rpm to separate the organic phase. Finally, 400 µl of the sample was taken for GC/FID analysis. Results vary greatly for individual fatty acids, but in general, cooked sardines had almost 10 times lower content of n-6 fatty acids and 3 times lower content of n-3 fatty acids. The most appropriate heat treatment for sardines is baking, where losses are lowest. As for sprats, heat treatment increases the content of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, whereby steamed samples had the highest content. Fried samples are distorted by the frying medium. This research was funded by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, grant no. GA 21-42021L. And the National Science Centre Poland, grant no. 2020/39/I/NZ9/02959.

In recent decades, coastal waters have been subjected to a variety of contaminants from urban, industrial and agricultural activities. Numerous persistent chemicals that reach the estuarine environment via rivers, wastewater treatment plants and watershed leaching accumulate in seawater and/or aquatic organisms. The Pertuis-Charentais area, in southwest France, is one of them. This area is a transition zone between the Atlantic Ocean and the estuaries of the rivers Sèvre, Charente and Seudre. This region produces 22% of French shellfish production and France is the second largest producer of bivalves in Europe (Diallo et al., 2022). The mortality observed since 2008 in mussels and oysters, sentinel species of environmental quality, suggests a deterioration in water quality, but the precise causes are not yet identified. In this context, the AMPHIBIE project, funded by the ANR JCJC "AlimOnic" , aims to characterise the contamination by pesticides, veterinary drugs, pharmaceuticals and plastic additives on a large scale in bivalves through active biomonitoring for one year. For this purpose, a comprehensive screening method based on LC-HRMS was developed and validated. Different extraction and purification procedures (QuEChERS/QuPPe) were optimised with pooled seafood samples (bivalves, fishes and crustaceans) using a representative mixture of 300 contaminants (pesticides and veterinary drugs) from different families, with very distinct and large physicochemical properties. To simplify the optimisation of the extraction and purification procedures, the design of experiments (DoE) was used (Taguchi orthogonal array). The screening method was validated according to the EU SANTE/11312/2021 guideline, by extending the number of contaminants up to 850 (pesticides and veterinary drugs). For each contaminant, the screening detection limits (SDLs) and the limits of identification (LOI) were established in seafood samples. The method was also tested for the analysis of other organic contaminants such as pharmaceutical to demonstrate its versatility by suspect screening in non-spike seafood samples. Finally, the validated methods were applied to biomonitoring real samples of mussels and oysters collected at different times in different sites (with different mortality rates) in southwestern France to try to find markers of exposure and effect of high mortality of bivalves.

Agrifood is one of the major sectors contributing to pressures on planetary boundaries by affecting biogeochemical cycles, climate, ecosystems, and biodiversity with about a third of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the global level (FAO,2018). A radical transformation of the traditional way of production, processing, distribution, and consumption of food is needed. Place-based Living Labs can facilitate the synergies of the major players and the connections of projects, initiatives, and best practices, as well as enhance collaboration between sectors, such as local food, transport, and energy (Bulkeley et al., 2016). Agrifood Living Labs are a new type of research and collaboration centered organisations based on co-creation, aiming at promoting innovation in the agrifood sector (Mulvenna et al., 2011). METROFOOD-IT - the Italian Research Infrastructure for Metrology and Open Access Data in support to the Agrifood, in relation to the ESFRI METROFOOD-RI for the domain Health and Food - will run Living Labs as a co-creative space for codesigning, experiencing, and assessing new solutions in support to the agrifood systems, where users will be also directly involved in evaluating new ideas, concepts, and technological solutions. The Living Lab on circular bioeconomy and industrial symbiosis, hosted at the ENEA Research Center of Brindisi (Italy), includes access to a demonstrator that will showcase how biomolecules can be recovered from wastes generated by the agrifood chain to generate new production processes. The innovations showcased will be inspired by the "zero waste at the end of the process" objective, placing sustainability at the centre of the strategies and thus promoting "greening" processes and systemic interventions aimed at spreading eco- innovative models on the market. Benefits will be related also to the reduction of the environmental impact of plastics and pollutants from the dairy industry integrating it with territorial and socio-economic indicators. The Agrifood FabLab hosted by the Santa Chiara Lab of the University of Siena (Italy) focuses on sustainability of the agrifood systems by mobilising all the agrifood system actors, including food businesses, local authorities and policy makers, investors, entrepreneurs, consumers, and stakeholders, as wellas transferring the technology in their production processes. The Agrifood FabLab represents an innovative environment focused on user communities embedded within "real life" situations and environments.